Subject: Medical Cannabis Use These are references to cannabis uses and sales until drug prohibition reared its ugly, evil head on our society. ___ PARKE, DAVIS & CO. From 1890 through 1937, the Parke, Davis & Company widely marketed various formulations of medical cannabis. The products and formulations were advertised as originating from "home-grown cannabis." Parke, Davis & Company marketed tinctures and fluid extracts sold by the pint or fluid ounce; cannabis tablets and pills sold by the gram; solid and powdered extracts sold by the gram, ounce, or pound; and "pressed flowering tops" also sold by the gram, ounce, or pound. Solid and powdered extracts along with "flowering tops" were sold to practitioners or ultimate users who wished to prepare their own tinctures, fluids, or tablets. The advertised uses of these formulations include the following: analgesic, sedative, corn cures, spasmodic disorders, genito-urinary irritation, persistent cough, insomnia, hysteria, asthma, delirium tremens, acute fevers, cathartics, migraine, gastralgia, pruritus, neuralgia, and as a narcotic "used in place of opium." ELI LILLY & COMPANY From 1877 through 1935, the Eli Lilly Company marketed fluid, solid, and powdered extracts, all of which were manufactured from the "flowering tops of the pistillate plants of Cannabis sativa L." The advertised uses include: antispasmodic, analgesic, sedative, aphrodisiac, narcotic, delirium tremens, insanity, hysteria, migraine. MERCK In the late 1800's to early 1900s, Merck manufactured and sold the "flowering top of the female plant" by the pound. They also sold, by the pound, tops that were "ground for percola" as well has cannabis oil with "infused tops." In addition, Merck sold fluid extracts, tinctures, and pilular extracts. The Advertised uses included increase appetite, anodyne, antispasmodic, and rheumatism. SQUIBB In the late 1800's to early 1900's, Squibb manufactured and sold tinctures and tablets as well as "the dried flowering tops of the female plant" which could be "ground for pecolation (sic)." The advertised uses include anodyne, epilepsy, hysteria, sedative, neuralgic attacks. APEX/FEDERICK STEARNS & CO. Sometime prior to 1938, Apex and Federick Stearns marketed a poultice (cannabis combined with alcohol and ether; cannabis combined with salicylic acid and collodion). The advertised use was for a Corn Remedy. Upon information and belief, the formulations - identified above as more fully set forth in the attached - have never been changed. Those formulations and the marketing of those products were discontinued on the dates noted above. In addition to the commercial manufacturing and marketing of these products, the medical journals of the time described these products as follows: DISPENSATORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (1937) This describes cannabis as "the dried flowering tops of the pistillate plants of Cannabis sativa Linne" and then further describes cannabis in its various forms - unground flowers and leaves, the stem, and powdered cannabis. American cannabis known as "Cannabis Americana" is "yielded from the Cannabis sativa plants cultivated in various sections of the United States." "It occurs on the market in the form of broken segments of the inflorescence and more or less crumpled and broken leaves, varying in color from brownish-green to light brown." "Only the female plant produces the drug" and "Cannabis is used in medicine to relieve pain, to encourage sleep, to soothe restlessness ... and will often relieve migranic headaches." The text notes that "the only way of determining the dose of an individual is to give it ascending quantities until some effect is produced." The formulations noted are "exctractum, fluidextractum, and tinctura." PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (1926) This text describes cannabis as "the dried flowering tops of the pistillate plants of Cannabis sativa Linne" and then explains how to "assay" the fluidextract in gelatin capsules using dogs to determine the appropriate strength. PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (1936) This discusses "extratum cannabis": "Prepare an extract by percolating 1000 Gm. of cannabis in moderately coarse powder, using alcohol as the menstruum. ..." Eventually, the practitioner/ultimate user will "evaporate the percolate to a pilular consistence ..." MATERIA MEDICA: PHARMACOLOGY: THERAPEUTICS PRESCRIPTION WRITING FOR STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS (1914) This text notes the various formulations; to wit, extract, fluidextract, and tincture, and further notes that Dixon [a well known British authority] "recommends inhalation of the vapor as most soothing." Though "Cannabis indica is very little employed", common usage include: "allaying nervous excitability, pain of neuralgia or migraine, promoting sleep in the presence of pain." MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACOLOGY (1927) This text details how to prepare the various extracts and lists cannabis use for "neuralgia, distressing cough, quiets tickling in throat, does not constipate or depress like opium, gout, delirium tremens, tetanus convulsions, chorea, hysteria, mental depression, epilepsy, morphine and chloral habits, softening of the brain, nervous vomiting." THERAPEUTICS MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACY (1926) This explains that "cannabis and its preparations must be standardized by physiological assay according to the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. The assay is based upon the amount of drug which is required to produce symptoms of incoordination in the dog." The text also explains that "cannabis contains a resin named cannabin" and there are solid extracts, fluid extracts, and tinctures which are used as an "antispasmodic, analgesic, anesthetic and narcotic, a cebro-spinal stimulant and a powerful aphrodisasc." "A ravenous appetite is usually one of its early effect." POCKET THERAPEUTICS AND DOSE-BOOK (1910) Notes cannabis is available in tinctures and extracts and also available is "cannabinon" - the "resin from Cannabis indica" and "cannabin tannas" - "a powdered prepared from Cannabis indica." The solid extract and the cannabinon and cannabin tannas are available by the gram. Uses include antispasmodic, anti neuralgic, anodyne, cough sedative in tuberculosis, and migraine or sick headache." Also included, but not separately summarized here, are cannabis references found in: Pharmacopoeia of the United States (1936), Remington's Practice of Pharmacy (1936), A Text-Book of Practical Therapeutics (1916), Textbook of Materia Medica (1931), and Textbook of Materia Medica (1928). RELEVANT STATUTORY, REGULATORY, and JUDICIAL DECISIONS The Administrator for the Drug Enforcement Agency has recognized that formulations prepared from Cannabis were marketed as medicine prior to 1938: "Cannabis sativa L. was one of the first plants to be used by man for fiber, food, medicine, and in social and religious rituals. There were approximately 20 traditional medicinal uses of cannabis ... in Western medicine from the mid-19th to the early 20th century ... In 1941, marijuana passed out of the National Formulary and the United States Pharmacopeia."